Employing species distribution models to bridge knowledge gaps in sea turtle spatial ecology: a global review of scientific literature

Abstract

Sea turtles are crucial to marine ecosystems and act as key bioindicators of ecosystem health, but understanding their spatial ecology is challenging due to their complex behavior and limited occurrence data. Species Distribution Models (SDMs) are increasingly recognized for their potential to clarify distribution patterns, essential for effective conservation. However, the wide range of modeling techniques available can complicate choosing the most appropriate approach. The study reviewed the application of SDMs to sea turtles across 25 peer-reviewed articles published up to May 2024. It found that SDMs are still underutilized, particularly in areas outside the Atlantic Ocean and for most species except loggerhead and leatherback turtles. Gaps were identified in the use of environmental variables, with a lack of biotic and anthropogenic factors and a preference for similar modeling approaches. Diversifying methodologies and incorporating a broader range of environmental and biotic factors could enhance our understanding in future studies.