Biologia Marina Mediterranea is a journal of Italian Society for Marine Biology.
ATTI DEL 54° CONGRESSO DELLA SOCIETÀ ITALIANA DI BIOLOGIA MARINA
Proceedings of the 54° SIBM Congress
Copyright (c) 2026 Biologia Marina Mediterranea
BIODIVERSITY AND FUNCTIONING THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL DNA ANALYSIS
The eDNA is an emerging tool for evaluating biodiversity and understanding models, as well as spatial and temporal patterns of communities, by directly sequencing DNA samples. The topic 'Biodiversity and Functioning Through Environmental DNA Analysis', introduced at the 54th Conference of Italian Marine Biology Society, aims to illustrate how the continuously developing metabarcoding approach of eDNA can revolutionise current biodiversity assessment methodologies to evaluate short- and long-term ecosystem changes, as well as the impacts of pollution and climate change on populations and communities.
TEMPORAL CHANGES IN COMMUNITIES ON PLASTIC PANELS WITHIN A POLLUTED MARINE ENVIRONMENT
This study examined community succession on polystyrene panels deployed for 25 weeks in a harbour impacted by human activities. Microbial and eukaryotic colonisation of plastics was studied using eDNA metabarcoding targeting 16S and 18S rRNA genes. The prokaryotic biofilm community was dominated by Rhodobacteraceae (17%) and Flavobacteriaceae (18%), with only minor changes over time. Concernig eukaryotes, the early stages of colonization were dominated by Alveolata (63%) and Stramenopiles (24%), while the later stages shifted to Chlorophyta (20%) and Opisthokonta (94%). Diversity analyses based on ASVs showed that alpha diversity ranged from 1,875–2,481 for prokaryotes and 159–405 for eukaryotes.. Moreover, potential plastic-degrading bacteria were identified in the prokaryotic community. The ecological dynamics of the eukaryotic community showed the dominance of heterotrophic microrganisms. These findings confirm that plastics may act as substrates and vectors for diverse microbial and eukaryotic assemblages, posing ecological risks to marine ecosystems.
BRIDGING THE GAP: ADVANCING eDNA METABARCODING FOR BIOMONITORING IN SARDINIAN COASTAL LAGOONS
Coastal lagoons are dynamic ecosystems that provide essential ecological and socio-economic services in the Mediterranean Sea. However, these habitats face increasing anthropogenic pressures, therefore requiring effective biomonitoring strategies. Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding is a promising approach, but its accuracy depends on how complete the genetic reference databases are. In Sardinia, lagoon biodiversity has been studied to varying extents, but there is no comprehensive synthesis on macrozoobenthic diversity and its genetic representation. We did a systematic review compiling species records and assessing their representation in global repositories for 18S rRNA and Cytochrome c oxidase I genes. A total of 536 taxa were reported in 42 lagoons, with 401 identified at the species level. Only 69% had COI barcodes, and 42% 18S rRNA sequences, with major gaps in Mollusca, Nemertea and Arthropoda (18S) and Echinodermata (COI). Expanding reference libraries is crucial for improving eDNA-based monitoring and conservation of Mediterranean coastal lagoons.
BIODIVERSITÀ MEDITERRANEA: UN PATRIMONIO IN TRASFORMAZIONE
Although the Mediterranean Sea covers less than 1% of the global ocean surface, it hosts about 18% of the world’s marine biodiversity, making it a planetary ecological hotspot. However, this richness is increasingly threatened by anthropogenic pressures and climate change, which are accelerating the loss of species, habitats, and ecosystem functions. Major stressors include ocean warming, the spread of non-indigenous species, overexploitation of resources, pollution, and habitat fragmentation. These processes reduce ecosystem resilience and undermine essential services that support human well-being. The Mediterranean is therefore approaching potential ecological tipping points that could lead to irreversible changes. To address these challenges, innovative approaches are required, based on Marine Protected Areas, nature-based solutions, advanced technologies, and participatory governance models. Safeguarding Mediterranean biodiversity is crucial to ensure the ecological and socio-economic stability of the entire region.
RISCALDAMENTO GLOBALE E IMPATTI ANTROPICI: EFFETTI SULLA BIODIVERSITÀ MARINA BENTONICA
In recent decades, the progressive increase in surface water temperatures has led to significant changes in Mediterranean biodiversity, characterised by species replacements—sometimes accompanied by mass mortalities—along with modifications in their bathymetric and seasonal distributions, as well as in their reproductive strategies. Despite the large amount of data available, these effects are certainly underestimated for those groups of organisms that are difficult to identify taxonomically and for which a general lack of baseline information exists. In addition to ocean warming, numerous anthropogenic impacts, mainly related to habitat loss and overfishing, negatively affect marine biodiversity. A particularly significant impact, whose full extent is still difficult to assess today, concerns the harvesting of red coral with towed gear. Practised for centuries, this activity has affected every stretch of rocky coastline in the Western Mediterranean Sea, between depths of 40 meters and more than 100 meters.
RECOGNIZING THE VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM HEALTH TOWARD A MORE SUSTAINABLE FISHERY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN: INSIGHTS FROM SPOKE 2 - ACTIVITY 1.1
The Mediterranean Sea, despite being one of the most biodiverse marine regions on Earth, is currently experiencing severe anthropogenic pressures that compromise ecosystem resilience and productivity. Within the framework of the National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), SPOKE 2 – Activity 1.1 addressed multiple drivers of biodiversity loss from September 2022 up to today, including fishing impacts, non-indigenous species (NIS), marine litter, recreational fisheries, vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs), and pelagic biodiversity hotspots. Innovative approaches were tested, ranging from selective fishing devices and AI-based pingers to satellite monitoring of illegal fishing and citizen science programs. Results highlight the value of integrating ecological knowledge with technological innovation and stakeholder participation to promote sustainable fisheries and safeguard Mediterranean biodiversity.
ESPLORAZIONE DEI MONTI SOTTOMARINI: HOTSPOT DI BIODIVERSITÀ NEI MARI ITALIANI
Seamounts are prominent seafloor features, hosting diverse and vulnerable deep-sea ecosystems, recognised as priority conservation targets. As part of the PNRR Marine Ecosystem Restoration (MER) project, a large-scale exploratory activity is underway across 79 Italian seamounts located beyond 12 NM from the coast. The aim is to map the distribution and assess the biodiversity of key benthic species and habitats to a depth of 2000 m, using multibeam and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs). The first oceanographic campaign was conducted between January and March 2025 in the Sicily Channel (Mediterranean Sea) by a work-class ROV at depths between 80 and 997 m. Preliminary results revealed biodiversity hotspots, presence of key habitat-forming species, and marine litter across the investigated areas. These findings enhance our understanding of the distribution of long-lived and vulnerable deep-sea Mediterranean species, supporting the establishment of an off-shore network of marine protected areas, in line with the 2030 EU Biodiversity Strategy.
PENNATULIDAE (CNIDARIA, ANTHOZOA) FROM SOUTHERN ADRIATIC SEA (GSA 18): DISTRIBUTION AND ASSOCIATED BIODIVERSITY
A total of 219 specimens of three pennatulacean species from the Southern Adriatic Sea (Geographic Sub-Area, GSA 18), namely Pennatula rubra (120), P. phosphorea (49), and Pteroeides griseum (50), were collected during the Mediterranean International Bottom Trawl Survey (MEDITS) over the 2011–2023 period. The three species were predominantly distributed on the eastern side of the study area (Albania, Montenegro), particularly on the continental shelf at depths of 62-112 m. Biodiversity analysis showed higher values for faunal communities associated with pennatulaceans than for those not associated. This study contributes to a better understanding of the distribution of pennatulaceans species in the Southern Adriatic Sea and supports strategies aimed at preserving VME habitats.
IMPATTO DELLA PESCA ARTIGIANALE COL TRAMAGLIO SU FORESTE MESOFOTICHE: UN CASO DI STUDIO NEL MAR LIGURE ORIENTALE
Mesophotic forests are complex, fragile ecosystems easily disrupted by human activities, particularly fishing. In the Mediterranean Sea, lobster fishing with trammel nets is common on offshore rocky banks where these forests develop. This study assesses the impact of lobster trammel nets on the communities of the Secca Fonda di Punta del Faro, a mesophotic bank in the Eastern Ligurian Sea (60–80 m) dominated by gorgonian and black coral forests, within the Special Conservation Zone “Fondali Monte di Portofino” (IT1332674). Six experimental fishing trials were analysed by comparing commercial catches with discarded organisms. Results reveal a strong predominance of benthic bycatch (83% of individuals, 92% of diversity), especially arborescent cnidarians and erect bryozoans, including species of conservation concern. Significant removal of hard substrata and marine litter was also observed. These findings highlight the imbalance between low economic returns and high ecological damage, stressing the need for improved management and protection.
REEF HABITATS: NEW FINDINGS IN THE CENTRAL TYRRHENIAN SEA (MEDITERRANEAN SEA)
This study investigated the environmental characteristics of a potential dumping site in the Central Tyrrhenian Sea through geophysical and biological surveys. High-resolution bathymetry and ROV imaging revealed the presence of previously undiscovered lower circalittoral reefs associated to different morphological features. Moreover, Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem taxa indicators and three protected Anthozoan species were identified. Due to the ecological relevance and sensitivity of these habitats, the site was deemed unsuitable for sediment disposal. These findings support the need to improve conservation measures in this area to preserve its sensitive deep-sea reef habitats.
UPDATE ON THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF THE ITALIAN MARINE HABITATS AND SPECIES LISTED IN THE EU HABITATS DIRECTIVE (92/43/EEC)
Under the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC), a cornerstone of European nature conservation, EU Member States are required to submit a national report every six years, contributing to a comprehensive European assessment of habitats and species of community interest. This study details the work undertaken in Italy to compile the fifth national report on marine habitats and species for the 2019-2024 period. Led by the Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), in collaboration with 30 experts from the Italian Society of Marine Biology (SIBM), this work updates the conservation status of 8 habitats and 19 species using standardised reporting formats adopted across Europe. By comparing current findings with those from the previous reporting cycle, we identified short-term changes in the conservation status of marine biodiversity, as well as persistent methodological limitations, thereby highlighting critical elements for improving the accuracy and effectiveness of future assessments.
VALUTAZIONE DELL’IMPATTO DI INVASIONI BIOLOGICHE IN HABITAT PRIORITARI
A standardised procedure based on the implementation of ALEX index (ALien Biotic IndEX) was used to assess the ecological quality of marine coastal habitats in relation to the invasion of alien macroalgae. The study was conducted on coralligenous and Posidonia oceanica meadows in five areas of the Mediterranean Sea. The coralligenous reefs showed a higher abundance of Caulerpa cylindracea and Womerseyella setacea while the P. oceanica meadows were mainly invaded by Acrothamnion preissii. The index values ranged from 0.48 to 0.90 classifying most sites with good to high ecological quality. The use of ALEX, in conjunction with other ecological quality indices, proved to be a valid approach for the integration of Marine Strategy monitoring plans.
PRELIMINARY DATA ON VIDEO INSPECTIONS OF BENTHOPELAGIC FAUNA IN MEDITERRANEAN COSTAL HABITATS
This study explores benthopelagic fauna associated with rhodolith beds and oyster banks using the MEMO baited lander in three Mediterranean areas: Egadi Islands (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea), and offshore Vieste and Monopoli (Southern Adriatic Sea), at depths between 70–90 m, totaling 43 hours of video. Species abundance values, standardized by recording time, were analyzed in relation to geographic area and habitat type. Direct observation facilitated the documentation of behavioral patterns and interspecific interactions. This approach offers valuable preliminary insights into the faunal composition and abundance of vulnerable Mediterranean habitats.
HIPPOCAMPUS GUTTULATUS (CUVIER, 1829) AND H. HIPPOCAMPUS (LINNAEUS, 1758) CAPTIVE BREEDING PRELIMINARY DATA
Mediterranean seahorses (Hippocampus guttulatus and H. hippocampus) are undergoing marked population declines due to habitat degradation, bycatch, and illegal harvesting linked to demand for traditional Chinese medicine. Conservation efforts require effective tools such as captive breeding programs to support population recovery. This study developed a standardized breeding protocol for both species, optimizing husbandry conditions, reproductive output, and animal welfare. Ten breeding pairs (seven H. guttulatus, three H. hippocampus) were collected from the Mar Piccolo of Taranto and acclimated at the Acquario di Genova. Diets, adjusted to developmental stages, included live prey (Acartia tonsa, Artemia salina, Neomysis integer) enriched with supplements and offered ad libitum under controlled water parameters. Overall, 159 H. guttulatus and 100 H. hippocampussurvived to one year, reaching adult sizes. The results confirm the feasibility of captive breeding and provide a practical framework for population reinforcement and long‑term conservation.
PROGETTO URCHIN: VALUTAZIONE QUANTITATIVA DELLA POPOLAZIONE DI PARACENTROTUS LIVIDUS (RICCIO DI MARE) NELL’AREA MARINA PROTETTA PARCO SOMMERSO DI GAIOLA
The URCHIN project (“Underwater Research Coralligenous Habitats In Naples”) investigates the conservation status of the Natura 2000 SAC IT8030041 “Fondali Marini di Gaiola e Nisida” by monitoring coralligenous habitats and sea urchins. This paper focuses on the second objective, analysing the abundance, distribution, and demographic structure of the commercial species Paracentrotus lividus. Surveys conducted within the Gaiola Marine Protected Area (MPA) and surrounding zones highlight a strong reserve effect: P. lividus shows higher densities and larger size classes in the fully protected Zone A. Data on associated fish communities indicate that inside the MPA, natural predation regulates populations, while outside the MPA, illegal fishing is the dominant pressure. These findings emphasise the effectiveness of protection measures in enhancing sea urchin populations and preserving ecological balance within the MPA.
STRONG SEA LIFE: VALUTAZIONE DELL’IMPATTO E PRIORITÀ DI RIMOZIONE DEGLI ALDFG NELL’HABITAT CORALLIGENO
The STRONG SEA LIFE project addresses the issue of Abandoned, Lost, or otherwise Discarded Fishing Gear (ALDFG), which poses a serious threat to marine habitats but can also cause harm if improperly removed. To support decision-making on possible interventions, the project tested the Gear Removal Index (GRI), a tool designed to assess both the impact and removal priority of ALDFG. The index was adapted from a previous version to fit a broader range of field situations. It was applied to six ghost nets found in coralligenous habitat in northern Sardinia: three located within 40m and three at greater depths. Monitoring was conducted using video images collected by divers and ROV, respectively. The GRI values ​​indicated that all nets were suitable for removal. Overall, the GRI proved to be a practical and cost-effective tool, enabling a rapid assessment to support responsible management of ALDFG while minimizing additional ecological risks.
CAMBIAMENTI NELLA STRUTTURA DI POPOLAZIONE DI CORALLIUM RUBRUM (L., 1758) NELL’AREA MARINA PROTETTA DI PORTOFINO SU SCALA PLURIDECENNALE
The red coral (Corallium rubrum) population in the Portofino Marine Protected Area has been monitored since 1964, when Marchetti conducted the first survey, providing a baseline for long-term comparisons. The original sampling protocol, which recorded minimum depth at 40 sites and collected quantitative data, was replicated 60 years later. C. rubrum was still present in nearly all historical sites and in seven new ones. The average minimum depth remained stable at around 26.5 m. However, after decades of increasing mean biomass—from 300 to 1500 g m⁻²—this value sharply declined over the past decade to approximately 450 g m⁻², without a corresponding rise in colony density. The average colony weight returned to levels recorded in 1964. This decline likely reflects the combined effects of global environmental change and local disturbances, including the extreme storm event of 2018, which severely impacted the coral populations along the Portofino Promontory.
EFFETTI ECOTOSSICOLOGICI DEGLI PNEUMATICI SULLA RETE TROFICA PLANCTONICA DEL MEDITERRANEO
Tyre wear particles (TWP) pose a threat to marine ecosystems due to the leaching of harmful chemical mixtures that may affect biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. This study assessed the impact of TWP leachates on Mediterranean species through chemical analysis and ecotoxicological bioassays . Two phytoplankton species (Isochrysis galbana, Chrysotila elongata), the larval stage of the crustacean Amphibalanus amphitrite and the embryos of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus were exposed to different concentrations of TWP leachates. Algal growth inhibition, naupliar immobility and behaviour, and larval developmental anomalies were assessed after 48-72 hours. TWP leachates significantly affected I.galbana growth, A. amphitrite behaviour, and P. lividus development. Such toxicity was likely due to additives released from TWP leachates. These findings highlight the harmful impact of TWP-associated pollutants on the planktonic food web in coastal areas, emphasising the urgent need to reduce TWP emissions and regulate hazardous additives to protect marine biodiversity.
FAUNA ITTICA DELLE LAGUNE DEL DELTA DEL PO PRIMA E DOPO IL RAPIDO AUMENTO DELLA POPOLAZIONE DI GRANCHIO BLU
The study investigated fish assemblages in five lagoons of the Po Delta (Veneto Region, Italy) before (2021) and after (2024) the demographic explosion of the invasive blue crab Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896. Fish and blue crab abundance and biomass showed strong spatial variability but no temporal differences. HFBI results highlighted variable responses among lagoons, but overall conditions remained moderate, reflecting chronic stress from multiple environmental and human pressures.
BIODIVERSITY OF CRUSTACEAN ASSEMBLAGES IN THE IONIAN SEA: WHAT HAS CHANGED OVER THE PAST 30 YEARS?
The present study assessed the diversity and temporal variations of crustacean assemblages in the North-western Ionian Sea. A total of 92 taxa were recorded. Both univariate ecological indices and multivariate analyses were used to investigate temporal shifts in the community structure, revealing temporal variability in crustacean assemblages across the historical series. Distinct patterns emerged between shelf and slope communities, underscoring the key role of depth in structuring demersal assemblages. The long-term data series provided a robust framework for detecting and characterizing temporal variability in the status of demersal assemblages of the Ionian Sea.
EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS AS NATURAL LABORATORIES
This overview contains a summary of the introductory report and the eight communications presented under the theme "Extreme environments as natural laboratories".
THE BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES OF AN EXTREME ENVIRONMENT: THE BLUE HOLE OF FAANU MUDUGAU, MALDIVES
The Faanu Mudugau Blue Hole (Maldives) opens at 30 m depth and descends to 85 m. At 40-50 m the water' temperature, salinity and pH change significantly. Below 50 m oxygen concentration collapses, while hydrogen sulphide increases. This work provides a first characterisation of the maldivian blue hole benthic communities. Data were collected from 30 m to 75 m by taking photographs every 5 m depth. Each photoquadrat was analysed to calculate the percent cover of any organism, on which a Corrispondence Analysis (CA) was applied. Three zones was identified: i) a photic zone at 30-40 m depth, dominated by encrusting algae, sponges and scleractinians; ii) a mesophotic zone at 45 m, dominated by Chrysophyceae and Cyanobacteria; and iii) an aphotic zone below 50 m, where only chemosynthetic bacteria are present. Further investigations on the Faanu Mudugau Blue Hole are worthy to better understand the functioning of this extreme ecosystem.
FATTORI AMBIENTALI CHE INFLUENZANO I PROCESSI DI ACCRESCIMENTO E CALCIFICAZIONE DEI MITILI SELVATICI E ALLEVATI IN ADRIATICO
The preliminary results from ENDRIMUS Project (PRIN PNRR 2022) are described here. Environmental and biological parameters have been investigated to understand which environmental factors are involved in the recent phenomenon of fragility affecting both farmed and wild mussels along the coasts of the Central Adriatic Sea. Physical, chemical and biological aspects were investigated along the water column. Farmed and wild mussels were analyzed to evaluate shells properties and health status. The qPCR was applied to investigate mussel feeding preferences on target phytoplankton taxa. Results indicate a northward spatial gradient in some environmental and physiological parameters.
SPERM MOTILITY ANALYSIS IN AQUATIC SPECIES: POTENTIAL AND APPLICATION OF CASA-MOT SYSTEMS IN AQUACULTURE
Sperm motility is a key factor in assessing semen quality, as it indicates the structural and physiological integrity of the sperm cells and their ability to fertilise eggs. Computer-assisted analysis of sperm motility (CASA-Mot) describes the movement kinetics of individual spermatozoa along their tracks. Studies carried out by our research group on fish, sea urchins and mussels have proven that CASA-Mot systems can evaluate sperm motility quickly and easily, and that they are also highly sensitive and effective at evaluating the effects of environmental parameters and the presence of pollutants, as well as the influence of sperm management and breeding conditions on functional sperm integrity. These factors are not always highlighted by a simple evaluation of total motile spermatozoa. Overall, CASA-Mot systems offer interesting prospects for wider use in aquaculture, a field which also relies on in-depth studies of sperm motility physiology in species of potential economic interest.
DISTRIBUZIONE E PREFERENZE ECOLOGICHE DI QUATTRO SCLERATTINIE MEDITERRANEE PROFONDE POCO CONOSCIUTE
Thanks to an extensive ROV archive, the geographic and bathymetric distribution of four poorly known mesophotic and bathyal species, namely Caryophyllia cyathus (Ellis & Solander, 1786), Paracyathus pulchellus (Philippi, 1842), Thalamophyllia gasti (Döderlein,1913) and Javania cailleti (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864), were investigated. C. cyathus was observed in about 37% of the sites, mainly on deep coralligenous and outcropping rocks. P. pulchellus was the second most frequently recorded species (about 28% of the sites), found in similar ecological settings. T. gasti was reported from about 20% of the sites, mainly on rocky overhangs. Finally, J. cailleti was the least recorded species (about 4% of the sites), mainly on seamounts and continental bathyal rocky reliefs. This study also provides novel insights into the population structure of these species, underscoring the importance of their conservation as key components of the deep Mediterranean ecosystems in which they thrive.
ANDAMENTO DELLA DISTRIBUZIONE E DELL’ABBONDONDANZA DEGLI ECHINODERMI SUI FONDI STRASCICABILI DELLO STRETTO DI SICILIA
Echinoderms are recognised as indicators of areas of high biological productivity and are essential habitats for the juveniles and spawners of several commercially important species. As this group is sensitive to trawling and climate change, the distribution and abundance of echinoderms were studied in the trawling areas of the Strait of Sicily (GSA 16) between 2008 and 2023. Data were collected during the MEDITS experimental fishing campaigns and analysed for echinoderms as a whole, as well as for the most abundant species. The results showed a significant decline in the presence and abundance of all species, although some differences in trends were observed among species. Exploratory analysis, conducted through correlations, suggested that this decline may be due to climate change rather than fishing activity, which decreased significantly over the same period.
EMPTY SHELLS OF PINNA NOBILIS (MOLLUSCA: BIVALVIA) AS HABITAT FOR A DIVERSE CRUSTACEAN COMMUNITY
A preliminary structural and functional analysis of the crustacean community associated to the empty shells of Pinna nobilis(Linnaeus, 1758) has been investigated to assess the persistence of the bio-engineering role of the mediterranean endemic fan mussel following the mass mortality event. Dead specimens of P. nobilis were sampled from two different sites in the Gulf of Trieste (Miramare and San Pietro) by scuba diving following a specially developed protocol aimed to collect exclusively organisms living in and on the shells. A structural and functional diverse crustacean community has been found in the empty shells, witnessing the large ecological relevance of P. nobilis as ecosystem engineer in sedimentary environments, able to increase spatial heterogeneity and complexity and to promote local biodiversity.
UPDATED THEMATIC MAP OF BENTHIC HABITATS IN THE URBAN COASTAL AREA: NOVEL DISCOVERIES AND CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS
Effective management and long-term conservation of coastal marine ecosystems require detailed knowledge of habitat distribution. Thematic environmental mapping is essential for monitoring and managing these areas. In 2023 the ‘Atlas of marine habitat of Liguria’ was updated in the urban area of Genoa city (Ligurian Sea), thanks to sea-truthing surveys. This work was aimed at evaluating the extent, integrity, and distribution of benthic habitats before construction of the new Genoa breakwater. Previously unmapped coralligenous outcrops have been identified and rhodolith beds have been found in the study area for the first time. The occurrence of the alien alga Caulerpa cylindracea has been reported on the updated maps, although its distribution has reduced in recent years. An unknown submarine cave has been discovered. Updating and integrating seafloor maps with sea-truth are indispensable for the identification of valuable and/or vulnerable habitats in need of protection in a urban context.
PRELIMINARY DATA ON BENTHIC ASSEMBLAGE OF TRANSITIONAL WATERS IN A LAGOON OF THE NORTHERN ADRIATIC SEA
Transitional waters are important habitats for the ecological role they represent and for their associated biodiversity. Ten sampling stations were established in Laguna Vallona (Northern Adriatic Sea) in three different time periods: before, during and after an anthropogenic pressure. Benthic assemblages were collected and identified to the lowest taxonomic level. Univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out. Large heterogeneity among stations was observed, with the presence of few species with high abundance, typical features of transitional water, as the Polychaeta Streblospio shrubsolii (Buchanan, 1890), Hediste diversicolor (O.F. Müller, 1776) and the Crustacea Gammarus insensibilis Stock, 1966 and Gammarus aequicauda (Martynov, 1931). Human activities have generated modifications in the macrozoobenthic community; however, the resilience of these communities hallowed a return to a community typical of coastal estuarine environments.
SPECIE NON INDIGENE E CRIPTOGENICHE NEI PORTI E NEI FONDALI DELLA CAMPANIA
In this paper, we present the non-indigenous and cryptogenic species identified between 2018 and 2024 during the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD; 2008/56/EC) monitoring campaigns in the Campania region (Tyrrhenian Sea), conducted by ARPAC. The species were identified thanks to monitoring related to MSFD Modules 3 and 9. Overall, 17 non-indigenous and 3 cryptogenic species were identified. Of these, two were found in phytoplankton, three in mesozooplankton, and fifteen were benthic species found in macrozoobenthos and epimegabenthos monitoring. Among these benthic species, the discovery of Penaeus (Farfantepenaeus) aztecus Ives, 1891 is of particular interest. This is the first report of this species in the Campania Sea and, more broadly, in the Central Tyrrhenian Sea, where it had only been reported once before, in 2019, at Capo Teulada (Sardinia). For each species, data on geographical coordinates, depth, temperature, salinity and pH are provided.
STUDIO DELLA FAUNA PROFONDA ASSOCIATA A REEF DI MADREPORA OCULATA (ANTHOZOA, SCLERACTINIA) NEL CANYON DI LEVANTE (MAR LIGURE) TRAMITE TELECAMERA TIME-LAPSE
White coral reefs are highly diverse deep-sea ecosystems due to their complex 3D structure and high trophic input. Faunal studies rely primarily on ROV surveys, but long-term, bait-free lander data are scarce. This study investigates vagile and sessile fauna on a living Madrepora oculata reef in the Levante Canyon (eastern Ligurian Sea) using a time-lapse lander positioned for over 65 days at 558 m. We analysed 618 five-second videos (2-hour intervals) across a 10 m² field of view, covering canopy, rubble, and water column zones. Twenty-four species from six taxa (Nemertea, Polychaeta, Pycnogonida, Malacostraca, Echinoidea, Teleostei) were identified: eight resident, twelve occasional, and three with undefined habits. Fish and crustaceans, including commercial species, dominated. The study supports the existence of a vertical stratification of the species, likely linked to the habitat complexity of the reef.
RESTORING POSIDONIA OCEANICA (L.) DELILE: PRELIMINARY OUTCOMES OF TWO TRANSPLANTING TECHNIQUES
Posidonia oceanica meadows are key ecosystems in the Mediterranean Sea but are increasingly threatened by human activities. Active restoration has become an important tool to enhance recovery, although the effectiveness of different transplanting techniques is still debated. This study provides preliminary results from two transplanting methods tested on the Ligurian coast: R.E.C.S.®-Cocco biomats and metallic stakes. The short-term monitoring highlighted distinct responses between techniques and sites, underlining the crucial role of the first months after transplantation. Stakes ensured higher initial stability, while biomats, after an early decline, showed signs of recovery over time. The results point out the importance of considering local environmental conditions in restoration design. The two techniques can be regarded as two complementary tools: stakes for restoring small, degraded areas, and biomats for larger-scale restoration where conditions are more favourable. Long-term monitoring is essential to fully evaluate their effectiveness.
BLUE CRAB (CALLINECTES SAPIDUS) AS A SOURCE OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS: HOW TO TURN A PROBLEM INTO A RESOURCE
Invasive species threaten marine biodiversity, together with overfishing and climate change. A striking case is the blue crab Callinectes sapidus, whose spread in the Mediterranean Sea disrupts ecosystems and damages coastal economies. Turning such invaders into valuable resources may help controlling their populations: the greater their market value, the stronger the interest for their exploitation. This study explores blue crab valorization by focusing on bioactive molecules, particularly carotenoproteins, within a biorefinery framework aimed at near-zero waste production. β-crustacyanin, the main shell carotenoprotein, is an eight-heterodimer complex binding two astaxanthin molecules. To assess its potential, we performed molecular docking and dynamics simulations showing that astaxanthin strongly inhibits SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) forming a stable complex. These promising results suggest blue crab carotenoproteins as potential candidates for industrial and therapeutic applications, including anti-COVID-19 strategies.
RIDURRE IL GAP NELLO STUDIO DELLE COLLEZIONI DEI MUSEI ITALIANI DI STORIA NATURALE: IL CASO DEI PORIFERA E CNIDARIA DI TORINO
The phyla Porifera and Cnidaria represent two of the oldest extant groups of Metazoa. Despite three centuries of research, described species of both groups represent only a fraction of those believed to exist today. Natural history museums play a crucial role, as their collections, both historical and recent, provide valuable data for advancing scientific knowledge. This ongoing project involves collaboration between the Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali di Torino (MRSN) and the University of Genoa to update information and classifications of historical collections of Porifera and Cnidaria, held by the University of Turin and now housed at MRSN. These collections include over 250 Porifera and 650 Cnidaria specimens, preserved dry and in liquid. The project focuses on assessing conservation status, revising associated data, and updating taxonomic classifications, with the goal of creating and publishing updated catalogs to support future research and biodiversity conservation.
BALANCING MARINE CONSERVATION AND REGIONAL USES: A TOOL-BASED ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL OECMs IN CAMPANIA (WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN)
The maritime area of the Campania Region hosts numerous sites of ecological interest, but also faces significant and often unregulated human pressures, underscoring the need for more targeted conservation efforts. In this context, Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures (OECMs) – areas contributing to biodiversity conservation without formal Marine Protected Area status – offer a promising yet underestimated approach to safeguard biodiversity and ecosystem services. This study applies a novel decision-support tool from the EU-funded MarinePlan project to assess potential OECMs in the maritime area of the Campania Region, starting from its current protection framework. The tool uses a quantitative ranking system that objectively prioritizes areas based on their conservation value, management feasibility, and social acceptability. Four sites are presented to illustrate its practical application. By integrating ecological and socioeconomic factors, the tool effectively balances biodiversity conservation with other sectoral uses, providing a flexible solution where other legally designated areas may be unfeasible.
DISTRIBUZIONE DI CALLINECTES SAPIDUS (DECAPODA: PORTUNIDAE) LUNGO UN GRADIENTE MARE-LAGUNA IN NORD ADRIATICO
This study aimed to examine the spatial and temporal distribution of the invasive species Callinectes sapidus in different habitats of the Northern Adriatic Sea and evaluate the productivity of three types of crab pots, used to carry out the sampling. The distribution of crabs varies between males and females, depending on both the season and the sampling station. Females were mostly caught at sea in the summer, while males were more prevalent in river and confined lagoon environments. Double-chamber pots had a significantly higher productivity than single-chamber pots. These findings could be useful for the containment of the species.
LIGURIA: NEW NESTING AREA FOR CARETTA CARETTA (LINNAEUS, 1758)
Liguria is the northernmost region of the western Mediterranean Sea recently interested by the nesting of Caretta caretta. The first hatchlings were found in Finale Ligure (SV) in 2021, then a sea turtle laying eggs was observed in Levanto in 2022 and five nests sites were recorded along the Ligurian coast in 2024. This study summarize preliminary data collected during this last monitoring season, highlighting the role and the positive collaboration among Regional Authorities, University and local associations.
DINAMICA TEMPORALE DELLE PRATERIE DI POSIDONIA OCEANICA (L.) DELILE (FANEROGAMA MARINA) NELL’AREA DI TUTELA MARINA DI CAPO MORTOLA
Meadows of Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile in the Mediterranean Sea are undergoing a progressive decline due to the combined effects of local and global pressures. In the northwestern Mediterranean, up to 56% of these meadows have already been lost since 1869. This regression favours the colonization by substitute species, such as the invasive green algae of the genus Caulerpa, which can bring profound structural and functional changes in coastal ecosystems. For instance, in the Capo Mortola Marine Protected Area (Western Ligurian Sea), the P. oceanica meadow cover has declined between 1987 and 2002, leading to the appearance of Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) C. Agardh. However, recent monitoring showed that, since 2002, C. taxifolia has disappeared while the density of the meadow has remained constant. Our results are consistent with recent studies, suggesting potential resilience of P. oceanica meadows under favorable conditions, although a recovery can be confirmed only with long-term monitoring.
A FUZZY LOGIC APPROACH FOR ASSESSING THE ECOLOGICAL RISK OF COASTAL HABITATS IN THE SARDINIA REGION RELATED TO FLOOD HAZARD
Coastal environments are increasingly threatened by the combined effects of sea-level rise, extreme waves, and storm surges, particularly in the Mediterranean, a recognized climate change hotspot. This study develops a habitat-based Ecological Risk Index for coastal flooding in southwestern Sardinia, employing a fuzzy logic approach to integrate hazard, exposure, and vulnerability indicators. Using ecological indicators from the “Carta della Natura” and flood data from the European Coastal Flood Awareness System, risk maps are produced under five flood scenarios. Results reveal a progressive increase in both the extent and intensity of risk across scenarios 1 to 5, with the beaches and dunes ecosystem exhibiting high sensibility, ranging from 0.65 to 0.68, respectively, of the mean Ecological Risk Index. Caretta caretta nesting sites exhibit the highest mean index value (0.74) under extreme scenario. The proposed approach provides a useful decision-support tool for coastal management and conservation in the context of climate change.
PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF SEPIA OFFICINALIS (LINNAEUS, 1758) SPAWNING ON OCTOPUS TRAPS IN SARDINIA
This study monitored 150 octopus traps between February and July 2023 in south-western Sardinia to assess the presence, development, and hatching success of Sepia officinalis eggs. Egg clutches attached to traps were placed in stainless steel cages at sea to protect and monitor their development. Eggs were found from February to May, peaking in March and April. About 95% of firmly attached eggs successfully developed and hatched after 28–82 days, while detached eggs failed to complete development. Egg and paralarvae sizes (0.82 ± 0.15 cm and 1.22 ± 0.10 cm) matched previous reports. The findings confirm that octopus traps serve as effective spawning substrates but also highlight the risk of egg loss due to fishing and cleaning practices. No formal protection measures exist in Sardinia, where egg conservation depends on fishers’ voluntary actions. The study emphasizes the need for targeted conservation to support fisheries and protect marine biodiversity.
SELETTIVITA’ DEL TRAMAGLIO NELLA PESCA DELLA SEPPIA, SEPIA OFFICINALIS, LINNAEUS 1758, E DELLA TRIGLIA DI SCOGLIO, MULLUS SURMULETUS, LINNAEUS 1758
This study evaluated the selectivity of trammel nets for cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) and striped red mullet (Mullus surmuletus) in the Tyrrhenian Sea between March 2023 and April 2025. Two nets were tested, differing only in the mesh size of the inner panel (50 mm vs 62 mm). Cuttlefish sizes ranged from 7 to 23 cm, while striped red mullet ranged from 17 to 30 cm. The typical “pocket” catching mechanism of trammel nets proved efficient for cuttlefish, whereas the 62 mm inner mesh appeared too large to retain the commercially valuable sizes of striped red mullet, potentially generating economic losses. Selectivity analyses showed that selection curves for both species followed a Gaussian model (restricted to the left side for cuttlefish), applying correction factors to match observed catch distributions. Overall, the study confirmed the applicability of the simplified Sechin method to trammel nets, although empirical adjustments for mesh deformation and fish body compressibility were necessary.
CARATTERIZZAZIONE DELL’ITTIOFAUNA ASSOCIATA A DUE FAD (FISH AGGREGATING DEVICES) IN MAR LIGURE
The attractiveness of natural or man-made objects in the open sea to fish has long been known: these structures are generically referred to as FADs (Fish Aggregating Devices). In the Mediterranean Sea, the fish community that frequents FADs has been little studied overall. This work aims to verify the role of two buoys as FADs in the Gulf of Genoa (Ligurian Sea). A visual census of the fish species was conducted. The presence of a fish community composed of nine species was detected, already observed during a census conducted on the ODAS buoy in the same area in 1994. The results of this study suggest that the fish community associated with FADs in the Ligurian Sea, despite being an ephemeral environment, is ecologically well structured and promotes understanding of the life cycles of little-known species, representing an important piece in the management and protection of Mediterranean fish fauna.
ANALISI DELLE PRIME STATISTICHE DELLA PESCA IN ITALIA DA NUOVE FONTI STORICHE (1927-1943).
Italian fisheries statistics emerged under the Fascist regime as a tool for economic planning aimed at achieving national food self‑sufficiency. Between 1922 and 1943, the first scientific data‑collection methods were introduced, alongside the establishment of dedicated research institutes and the publication of statistical reports in the now little‑known journal Il Corriere della Pesca. Early datasets focused on the canning industry, commercial distribution systems, the decline of traditional fishing technologies, and the rapid expansion of motorized fishing vessels, which were systematically surveyed for the first time between 1924 and 1929. The decline of sail‑powered boats and the rise of steam vessels prompted a 1934 law promoting the construction of motorized vessels. Examination of this grey literature provides a historical perspective on the evolution of the Italian fisheries sector and highlights how, over the past 80 years, policy incentives have shifted from supporting fleet expansion to encouraging vessel decommissioning.
REPRODUCTION OF ANGLERFISH (LOPHIUS BUDEGASSA SPINOLA, 1807 AND LOPHIUS PISCATORIUS LINNAEUS, 1758) IN THE SARDINIAN SEAS
The study focuses on the reproduction and biology of the blackbellied anglerfish (Lophius budegassa) and anglerfish (Lophius piscatorius) in the Sardinian seas, based on data collected between 2015 and 2024 at depths from 44 to 669 meters. A total of 236 blackbellied anglerfish (14-82 cm TL) and 189 anglerfish (16-106 cm TL) were sampled. Microscopic analysis of gonads, sex ratio, spawning period, and size at maturity were examined. The sex ratio of L. piscatorius was close to 1:1, while L. budegassahad more males than females. Females of L. budegassa spawed in summer and autumn, while males spawned year-round, except in winter. These new findings enhance the understanding of the reproductive cycles of the two species and provide valuable information for their sustainable management and assessment.
NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF OCTOPOTEUTHIS SICULA RÜPPELL, 1844 (CEPHALOPODA: OCTOPOTEUTHIDE) IN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN
Two specimens of the meso-bathypelagic Cephalopod Octopoteuthis sicula Rüppell, 1844 were found in 2012 and 2024 in the by-catch of trawl fishery targeting red shrimps, in the waters off Sardinia and Liguria, at depths of 568 and 470 m, respectively. The knowledge on this species is limited, due to the scarce catches. The two specimens, measuring 17.7 and 15.3 cm Dorsal Mantle Length were fully mature males. Morphometric and meristic data were collected for both individuals, and a description of the reproductive apparatus was provided. The peculiarity is the long terminal organ (65 and 72 mm in the two samples), that extends beyond the mantle cavity; it is used to transfer the spermatangia (discharged spermatophores) in the mantle tissue of the females. Such characteristic, common to other Cephalopods, seems to be a strategy to guarantee the reproductive success in deep-water environments.
ESPERIMENTI DI SELETTIVITA’ DELLA RETE A STRASCICO DI FONDO NELLA PESCA DEL GAMBERO VIOLA, ARISTEUS ANTENNATUS (RISSO, 1816), NEL MAR LIGURE
The practice of discarding fish at sea poses a significant challenge for commercial fishing activities. This bycatch arises from non-selective fishing practices, leading to the capture of both target species and non-target species, often below legal size limits. The EU Multiannual Management Plan for western Mediterranean focuses on recovering target stocks and reducing mortality from fishing on juveniles also through selective fishing gear. A study was conducted on the fleet of Santa Margherita Ligure (Ligurian Sea, GSA 9), targeting the blue and red shrimp, Aristeus antennatus. The research tested larger mesh sizes to decrease the retention of juveniles. Notably, using larger codend mesh sizes (60 mm diamond and 50 mm square) significantly improved selectivity compared to the commercial 50 mm diamond mesh. While this approach led to economic loss in the short term, it could potentially benefit the stock’s health in the medium to long term by reducing juvenile catch and promoting the retention of larger, more valuable sizes.
TRAP-LINE: AN INNOVATIVE FISHING GEAR FOR MEDITERRANEAN SWORDFISH FISHERIES
During Summer 2024, observer deployed on pelagic longline vessel collected data about an innovative fishing gear known as the "trap-line" increasingly used in the Mediterranean swordfish pelagic longline fishery. Trap-lines consist of concentric monofilament rings combined with artificial bait and differ structurally and functionally from traditional hook-based baits. Despite representing about 30% of deployed fishing units, trap-lines accounted for more than half of the swordfish catch, resulting in a markedly higher catch per unit effort (CPUE) than conventional hooks. Trap-lines also showed improved selectivity, capturing fewer undersized individuals and slightly larger fish. Bycatch was minimal, with only five non-target specimens recorded, all released alive. These preliminary results suggest that trap-lines may provide a more efficient and selective alternative to traditional gears, potentially reducing bycatch and operational costs, although further research is needed to support their sustainable adoption in Mediterranean fisheries.
REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS AND MACROSCOPIC ASSESSMENT OF OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT IN SOLEA SOLEA (SOLEIDAE): PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM THE CENTRAL ADRIATIC SEA
This study aimed to investigate key aspects of the reproductive biology of common sole (Solea solea) and assess the gonadal development in females through the macroscopic examination of the ovary. Monthly sampling was carried out during the entire year of 2019, in the context of the Data Collection Framework (DCF, EU Regulation 2017/1004). A total of 438 samples (N=311 female and N=127 males) of S. solea were collected from commercial landings by the fishing fleet of Ancona (Central Adriatic Sea). Ovaries were classified macroscopically following a four stages maturity scale derived from the Brown-Peterson’s (2011)and suitably modified. The obtained results evidenced that the spawning period was from September to January. The monthly sex ratio was consistently in favour of females, which outnumbered males especially in the largest length classes (total length > 25 cm). The length at first maturity for females was estimated at 22.98 cm.
HOTSPOT E DINAMICA SPAZIALE DEI GIOVANILI DELLO SQUALO BOCCANERA (GALEUS MELASTOMUS RAFINESQUE, 1810) NEL TIRRENO CENTRO-MERIDIONALE
Galeus melastomus (Rafinesque, 1810) is a demersal species widely distributed in the Mediterranean Sea, with the exception of the central and northern Adriatic regions. Despite its widespread distribution, knowledge of its spatial and temporal distribution remains limited, particularly in the central and southern Tyrrhenian Sea. This study analyses the juvenile component of G. melastomus, estimating its abundance and distribution pattern. The consistent presence of recruits in all sampling campaigns suggests prolonged or continuous recruitment, consistent with previous observations on the species' reproduction. The Recruit Density Index shows a decreasing trend, suggesting possible recruitment challenges related to environmental factors and anthropogenic pressures, such as trawling and deep-sea longlining. The 201–500 m bathymetric layer is characterized by a high concentration of juveniles and hotspots, suggesting favourable conditions for survival and trophic resources. However, the analysis of the persistence of hotspots highlights a dynamic distribution, with few stable areas over time.
DIVERSITÀ DELLA COMUNITÀ MICROBICA E TURNOVER DI MATERIA ORGANICA NEI SITI COSTIERI DEL MEDITERRANEO
Within the framework of the Marine Strategy Directive, we conducted a preliminary survey in the Adriatic and Ionian Seas to assess the distribution and diversity of the autotrophic and heterotrophic microbial communities and their role in the organic matter turnover. Thirteen stations were sampled at the surface, deep-chlorophyll maximum and at 100 m depth to evaluate: i) trophic parameters (chlorophyll-a and phaeopigments); ii) abundance and diversity of the phytoplankton community; and iii) total prokaryotic abundance and enzymatic activity rates. Results revealed both vertical and spatial variability, characterized by low autotrophic biomass and high phosphatase activity throughout the sampled area.
PROMISING ANTIPROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY OF THE MARINE MICROALGA DIACRONEMA LUTHERI
Marine microalgae are photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms that have been shown to produce primary and secondary metabolites with possible bioactivities useful for human health. Recently, there has been a growing interest from the scientific community in the search for natural compounds with potential applications in the field of cancer therapy, due to the high incidence of cancer in the population. Marine microalgae are attractive sources of compounds with biological activity thanks to their great biodiversity in terms of species, compounds produced and thanks to the possibility of growing them in large quantities. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the biological activity of the marine Haptophyta Diacronema lutheri (formerly known as Pavlova lutheri). We prepared and tested extracts of this microalga on human cells and found interesting activities against human lung carcinoma cells. These promising extracts will be further considered for chemical identification of bioactive components.
NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE DYNAMICS OF THE TOXIC DINOFLAGELLATE DINOPHYSIS EHRENBERG AND DSP (DIARRHETIC SHELLFISH POISONING) EVENTS IN THE ADRIATIC SEA: IMPLICATIONS FOR SAFE MARINE AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
Dinophysis spp. are harmful marine dinoflagellates that produce lipophilic toxins able to accumulate in mussels. Mussel farming is a key activity along the northern Adriatic coast, where Dinophysis dynamics, DSP toxicity events, and environmental conditions were monitored from 1998 to 2023. A clear seasonality emerged: D. acuminata (Claparède & Lachmann) and D. sacculus (F.Stein) occurred in spring–summer, followed by D. caudata (Saville-Kent), D. fortii (Pavillard), and D. tripos (Pavillard) in autumn. DSP toxicity events occurred mainly in autumn–winter, significantly correlated with D. caudata (rs = 0.84), D. fortii (rs = 0.83), and D. tripos (rs = 0.66). Some species showed preferential temperature ranges. Mussel toxicity declined with time, alongside decreasing DIN, phosphate, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll a. Nevertheless, in 2015 and 2022, prolonged toxicity events linked to colder surface waters were recorded. This study emphasises the significance of long-term monitoring to understand Dinophysis variability and improve aquaculture management.
CARATTERIZZAZIONE DEI TASSI ENZIMATICI MICROBICI IN SITI COSTIERI CALABRESI
This study focuses on the organic matter decomposition mediated by microbial communities in three coastal Tyrrhenian sites, where this process was studied during two consecutive years (autumn and summer), to evaluate in water, sediment and sand matrices the role of microbial activities in recycling carbon and phosphorus organic polymers. Intense decomposition processes were observed during summer, especially in the sand; conversely, no significant spatial trends were detected. The measured activity rates suggest the presence of an active microbial community involved in biogeochemical fluxes and an ecosystem characterized by good functionality and an optimal ecological status.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF CEPHALOPODS PREY RETRIEVED FROM THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF AN EXCEPTIONALLY FRESH CUVIER’S BEAKED WHALE (ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS) STRANDED IN GRAN CANARIA (CANARY ISLANDS)
Cuvier’s beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) remains one of the least understood cetaceans, with limited information on its behavior, diet, and ecological role. Understanding its trophic ecology is essential to expand knowledge of deep-diving cetaceans and improve conservation strategies. This study examines the cephalopod preys consumed by a individual shortly before its death, in the Canary Islands, combining morphological and molecular methods to identify species from beaks and undigested tissues. The whale was exceptionally well preserved, and necropsy confirmed recent foraging activity. Cephalopod beaks cross-referenced with molecular data strengthened species identification and revealed dietary preferences consistent with literature, with Cranchidae and Octopoteuthidae species as main prey. Some unusual items were also detected, including specimens of undescribed or genetically uncharacterized species. Since such well-preserved specimens are extremely rare and considering the difficulty of studying deep-diving cetaceans, this case study provides valuable insights into the feeding ecology of Z. cavirostris and a natural sampler for deep-sea cephalopods’ species.
APPROCCIO INTEGRATO PER LO STUDIO DELLA PRESENZA DEI CETACEI PRESSO L’ARCIPELAGO DELLE ISOLE TREMITI (BASSO ADRIATICO)
The Marine Protected Area of Tremiti Islands has very limited information on the presence of cetaceans in the area between the islands and the Italian coast. This study provides preliminary insights on cetacean occurrence obtained through an integrated approach including web- and field-based data collection. The web-based approach consisted of collecting videos from social media using keywords to obtain sighting information. The field-based approach consisted of eight surveys conducted from June to September 2024 on ferries along the Termoli–San Nicola route, using the Fixed Line Transect protocol. Out of 50 videos analyzed (2013–2024), the occurrence of Balaenoptera physalus, Stenella coeruleoalba, and Tursiops truncatus was reported. During the surveys, five sightings were carried out, confirming the presence of T. truncatus and highlighting the need to increase monitoring efforts at local level.
PARAMETRI RIPRODUTTIVI DEL TURSIOPE (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS) NEL SANTUARIO PELAGOS (MAR MEDITERRANEO NORD-OCCIDENTALE)
Understanding reproductive parameters in female bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) is essential for evaluating population health and guiding conservation strategies. From 2001 to 2024, 587 sightings of bottlenose dolphins were recorded within the Pelagos Sanctuary (north-western Mediterranean Sea), and 530 individuals were photo-identified, including 113 females. This study assessed variations in female behavior according to the presence of calves, considering group size, spatial distribution, home range and social structure. A further objective was to investigate the reproductive behaviour of the common bottlenose dolphins in the study area, the fertility rate of females and the mortality rate of newborns. Results indicate that female behavior differs depending on calf presence. Estimated reproductive parameters were: total fertility rate 0.19, calving interval 4.49±0.19 (SE) years and calf mortality within the first year 0.23. These values are consistent with previous studies and update earlier findings, providing new insights into the reproductive dynamics of this population.
HIGH-RESOLUTION MELTING AS A MOLECULAR TOOL FOR CETACEAN SPECIES IDENTIFICATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA
Effective species identification underpins cetacean conservation in the Mediterranean Sea, where several populations are threatened. We developed a High-Resolution Melting (HRM) protocol to rapidly and cost-effectively identify four representative cetacean species: the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), the striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba), the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), and the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Species-specific primers targeting mitochondrial cytochrome b and D-loop regions produced distinct melting profiles. Validation on tissue and fecal samples confirmed high sensitivity, reproducibility, and discrimination, with an accuracy of over 95% in identifying unknown samples. Compared to sequencing, HRM is faster, cheaper, portable, and effective on degraded material, including samples from stranded individuals. This method represents a valuable tool for non-invasive genetic surveys and real-time monitoring, enhancing conservation efforts and enforcement of regulations against illegal trade.
IL COMPORTAMENTO ACUSTICO DEI TURSIOPI IN LIGURIA: USO DEI FISCHI FIRMA IN RELAZIONE AL CONTESTO COMPORTAMENTALE E ALLA COMPOSIZIONE SOCIALE
Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) emit frequency-modulated whistles, especially employed in intraspecific communication. In the Pelagos Sanctuary, the acoustic behaviour of free-ranging bottlenose dolphins remains understudied, especially concerning the anthropogenic and social factors influencing whistle emission. In this study, we recorded the whistles of free-ranging common bottlenose dolphins in the shelf waters between Genoa and La Spezia (eastern Liguria, Italy) from May to October 2023. We analysed 1230 whistles, identified signature whistles (SW) – signals broadcasting the emitter identity - and extracted spectrotemporal parameters using Praat and PAMGUARD. Our results showed a greater production of SW and multiloop when calves were present in the group, especially during feeding behind trawlers. These findings support the pivotal coordinating role played by SW in the mother-calf relationship, especially in crowded and dynamic contexts. Moreover, our results cautiously suggest the existence of potential group whistles in the studied unit, highlighting the need for further research.
RISULTATI PRELIMINARI SULLA DISTRIBUZIONE E ABBONDANZA DEL TURSIOPE, TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS (MONTAGU 1821), NELL’ARCIPELAGO TOSCANO SFRUTTANDO PIATTAFORME DI OPPORTUNITA’
The Pelagos Sanctuary (Agreement 391/2001) is the largest marine protected area in the Mediterranean, established for the conservation of marine mammals. However, monitoring within the Sanctuary remains uneven, and some sectors, particularly the southern area, are still poorly studied. This knowledge gap limits the assessment of key ecological indicators required by the EU Habitats Directive, such as species distribution and abundance, thus weakening conservation effectiveness. To fill this gap, a systematic monitoring program focusing on the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821), has started in July 2024 in the southern portion of the Sanctuary, within the Tuscan Archipelago National Park. The project applies the Fixed Line Transect method, using Moby Lines and Toremar ferries as observation platforms. Preliminary results reveal a regular presence of bottlenose dolphins, with higher sightings along the Piombino–Portoferraio route, highlighting the need for continuous monitoring to support effective management and conservation strategies. Questo contributo è risultato vincitore del “Premio Blu” 2025, dedicato alla memoria di Arianna Sciaccaluga